43 research outputs found
Farmer uncertainty and demand for rice varietal identity information: DNA fingerprinting of smallholder rice varieties in Côte d’Ivoire
Information asymmetry is a key challenge facing farmers in sub-Saharan Africa,
particularly regarding the identity and quality of crop varieties and other agricultural inputs. In
this research, we contribute to a recent economics literature that uses advances in DNA
fingerprinting technology and affordability to directly measure the identity of crop varieties,
allowing this variable to be compared with farmers’ beliefs about the varieties that they cultivate.
In our study, we additionally utilize a novel approach in which we elicit the demand of rice
farmers in central Côte d’Ivoire for information about the variety they cultivate as well as their
own beliefs about how sure they are of the variety’s identity. We connect our DNA
fingerprinting analysis of producer seed samples to survey questions related to producer beliefs
and demand, and find that the majority of the farmers in our dataset are not certain about the
identity of the variety they cultivate. We further find that around 98 percent of producers in our
dataset are willing to pay to obtain the results of DNA fingerprinting analysis of the variety they
currently cultivate, from a minimum of around 36 USD
Efficient extraction of the RuBisCO enzyme from spinach leaves using aqueous solutions of biocompatible ionic liquids
Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein
on the planet, being present in plants, algae and various species of bacteria, with application in the
pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic and food industries. However, current extraction methods of
RuBisCO do not allow high yields of extraction. Therefore, the development of an efficient and
selective RuBisCOs’ extraction method is required. In this work, aqueous solutions of biocompatible
ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., ILs derived from choline and analogues of glycine-betaine, were applied
in the RuBisCO’s extraction from spinach leaves. Three commercial imidazolium-based ILs were
also investigated for comparison purposes. To optimize RuBisCO’s extraction conditions, response
surface methodology was applied. Under optimum extraction conditions, extraction yields of 10.92
and 10.57 mg of RuBisCO/g of biomass were obtained with the ILs cholinium acetate ([Ch][Ac])
and cholinium chloride ([Ch]Cl), respectively. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy results show
that the secondary structure of RuBisCO is better preserved in the IL solutions when compared to
the commonly used extraction solvent. The obtained results indicate that cholinium-based ILs are a
promising and viable alternative for the extraction of RuBisCO from vegetable biomass.publishe
Braided Matrix Structure of the Sklyanin Algebra and of the Quantum Lorentz Group
Braided groups and braided matrices are novel algebraic structures living in
braided or quasitensor categories. As such they are a generalization of
super-groups and super-matrices to the case of braid statistics. Here we
construct braided group versions of the standard quantum groups . They
have the same FRT generators but a matrix braided-coproduct \und\Delta
L=L\und\tens L where , and are self-dual. As an application, the
degenerate Sklyanin algebra is shown to be isomorphic to the braided matrices
; it is a braided-commutative bialgebra in a braided category. As a
second application, we show that the quantum double D(\usl) (also known as
the `quantum Lorentz group') is the semidirect product as an algebra of two
copies of \usl, and also a semidirect product as a coalgebra if we use braid
statistics. We find various results of this type for the doubles of general
quantum groups and their semi-classical limits as doubles of the Lie algebras
of Poisson Lie groups.Comment: 45 pages. Revised (= much expanded introduction
Functional Complexity of the Axonal Growth Cone: A Proteomic Analysis
The growth cone, the tip of the emerging neurite, plays a crucial role in establishing the wiring of the developing nervous system. We performed an extensive proteomic analysis of axonal growth cones isolated from the brains of fetal Sprague-Dawley rats. Approximately 2000 proteins were identified at ≥99% confidence level. Using informatics, including functional annotation cluster and KEGG pathway analysis, we found great diversity of proteins involved in axonal pathfinding, cytoskeletal remodeling, vesicular traffic and carbohydrate metabolism, as expected. We also found a large and complex array of proteins involved in translation, protein folding, posttranslational processing, and proteasome/ubiquitination-dependent degradation. Immunofluorescence studies performed on hippocampal neurons in culture confirmed the presence in the axonal growth cone of proteins representative of these processes. These analyses also provide evidence for rough endoplasmic reticulum and reveal a reticular structure equipped with Golgi-like functions in the axonal growth cone. Furthermore, Western blot revealed the growth cone enrichment, relative to fetal brain homogenate, of some of the proteins involved in protein synthesis, folding and catabolism. Our study provides a resource for further research and amplifies the relatively recently developed concept that the axonal growth cone is equipped with proteins capable of performing a highly diverse range of functions
Author Correction: The landscape of viral associations in human cancers
Correction to: Nature Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0558-9, published online 05 February 2020
Sex differences in oncogenic mutational processes
Sex differences have been observed in multiple facets of cancer epidemiology, treatment and biology, and in most cancers outside the sex organs. Efforts to link these clinical differences to specific molecular features have focused on somatic mutations within the coding regions of the genome. Here we report a pan-cancer analysis of sex differences in whole genomes of 1983 tumours of 28 subtypes as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium. We both confirm the results of exome studies, and also uncover previously undescribed sex differences. These include sex-biases in coding and non-coding cancer drivers, mutation prevalence and strikingly, in mutational signatures related to underlying mutational processes. These results underline the pervasiveness of molecular sex differences and strengthen the call for increased consideration of sex in molecular cancer research
Author Correction: Comprehensive molecular characterization of mitochondrial genomes in human cancers
Correction to: Nature Genetics, published online 05 February 2020. In the published version of this paper, the members of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium were listed in the Supplementary Information; however, these members should have been included in the main paper. The original Article has been corrected to include the members and affiliations of the PCAWG Consortium in the main paper; the corrections have been made to the HTML version of the Article but not the PDF version. Additional corrections to affiliations have been made to the PDF and HTML versions of the original Article for consistency of information between the PCAWG list and the main paper
Pan-cancer analysis of whole genomes
Cancer is driven by genetic change, and the advent of massively parallel sequencing has enabled systematic documentation of this variation at the whole-genome scale(1-3). Here we report the integrative analysis of 2,658 whole-cancer genomes and their matching normal tissues across 38 tumour types from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We describe the generation of the PCAWG resource, facilitated by international data sharing using compute clouds. On average, cancer genomes contained 4-5 driver mutations when combining coding and non-coding genomic elements; however, in around 5% of cases no drivers were identified, suggesting that cancer driver discovery is not yet complete. Chromothripsis, in which many clustered structural variants arise in a single catastrophic event, is frequently an early event in tumour evolution; in acral melanoma, for example, these events precede most somatic point mutations and affect several cancer-associated genes simultaneously. Cancers with abnormal telomere maintenance often originate from tissues with low replicative activity and show several mechanisms of preventing telomere attrition to critical levels. Common and rare germline variants affect patterns of somatic mutation, including point mutations, structural variants and somatic retrotransposition. A collection of papers from the PCAWG Consortium describes non-coding mutations that drive cancer beyond those in the TERT promoter(4); identifies new signatures of mutational processes that cause base substitutions, small insertions and deletions and structural variation(5,6); analyses timings and patterns of tumour evolution(7); describes the diverse transcriptional consequences of somatic mutation on splicing, expression levels, fusion genes and promoter activity(8,9); and evaluates a range of more-specialized features of cancer genomes(8,10-18).Peer reviewe
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Comprehensive analysis of chromothripsis in 2,658 human cancers using whole-genome sequencing
Chromothripsis is a mutational phenomenon characterized by massive, clustered genomic rearrangements that occurs in cancer and other diseases. Recent studies in selected cancer types have suggested that chromothripsis may be more common than initially inferred from low-resolution copy-number data. Here, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we analyze patterns of chromothripsis across 2,658 tumors from 38 cancer types using whole-genome sequencing data. We find that chromothripsis events are pervasive across cancers, with a frequency of more than 50% in several cancer types. Whereas canonical chromothripsis profiles display oscillations between two copy-number states, a considerable fraction of events involve multiple chromosomes and additional structural alterations. In addition to non-homologous end joining, we detect signatures of replication-associated processes and templated insertions. Chromothripsis contributes to oncogene amplification and to inactivation of genes such as mismatch-repair-related genes. These findings show that chromothripsis is a major process that drives genome evolution in human cancer